Description
Problems 1. (28 points total, 4 points each) True/False Questions. Circle either True or False. (a) True or False: The statistic ¯ X−µX S/√n , where ¯ X is the sample mean, µX is the population mean, S is the sample standard deviation, and n is the sample size, is Gaussian-distributed. (b) True or False: When data X1,…,Xn are Gaussian distributed with variance σ2, and a sample size n has sample variance S2, the statistic (n−1)S2/σ2 has the Chi-squared distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom. (c) True or False: If X and Y are independent, then Var [X − Y ] = Var [X] − Var [Y ]. (d) True or False: The sample mean is always equal to the population mean. (e) True or False: The bias of the sample mean is zero. (f) True or False: The T distribution is symmetric about zero. (g) True or False: A “false alarm” is deciding H0 when H1 is true.
2. (24 total points) Assume that random variable X has mean µ and standard deviation σ, but that X is not Gaussian. We can only collect n = 9 samples. Since n < 30, one may not use the CLT to approximate ¯ X as Gaussian. Instead, one may use Chebychev’s theorem to find a confidence interval on the population mean of X. If we apply Chebychev’s theorem to the random variable ¯ X (the sample mean), then P µ ¯ X − kσ ¯ X < ¯X < µ ¯ X + kσ ¯ X ≥ 1 − 1 k2 (1) Use this expression to develop a 95% confidence interval on µ, as follows. (a) (8 points) Write expressions for the mean µ ¯ X and standard deviation σ ¯ X of the sample mean ¯ X as functions of µ and σ. Answer: (b) (8 points) What k is needed so that the probability that ¯ X is in the interval is ≥ 0.95? Answer: (c) (8 points) Rearrange the inequality inside of the probability operator in Equation (1) above so that it is a ≥ 95% confidence interval on µ, with limits that are a function of only ¯ X and σ. Answer: 3. (30 total points) A communications system manufacturer tests the bit error rate (BER) of receivers they manufacture (under certain test conditions). A sample size of 19 receivers is tested and the sample mean BER is 1.4 × 10−2. The BER is approximately Gaussian distributed. (a) (12 points) Test the null hypothesis that the population mean is µ = 1×10−2, vs. the alternative hypthothesis that µ is greater than that. They will accept a false alarm rate of 1%, and assume that σ is known to be 0.7 × 10−2. Should H0 be rejected? (b) (12 points) Now assume that σ is unknown and s = 0.7×10−2. Find a two-sided 95% confidence interval for µ. (c) (6 points) In part (b), would a 99% confidence interval would be narrower or wider than a 95% confidence interval? Answer “narrower” or “wider”:
4. (18 total points) Let X be a Gaussian random variable. You collect a sample of size n = 21 and find the sample mean ¯ x = 12.2 and sample standard deviation s = 4.1. (a) (12 points) Find a 90% upper one-sided confidence interval on the population standard deviation σ. (b) (6 points) If n was increased to 31, assuming s remained the same, would the upper limit of the 90% confidence interval increase or decrease? Answer “increase” or “decrease”:
