[SOLVED] CPTS553- Graph Theory: Assignment 6

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Questions with a (⋆) are each worth 1 bonus point for 453 students.

1. Show that for any 𝑘 ≥ 3, if a tree 𝑇 has fewer than 𝑘 leaves, then the maximum degree Δ(𝑇) among the vertices of 𝑇 must satisfy Δ(𝑇) < 𝑘. It can help to consider the summations

𝑛  𝑛_𝑗 ;        2(𝑛 − 1) = total degree .

𝑗=1                                                                                             𝑗=1

The phrase “𝑇 has fewer than 𝑘 leaves” means 𝑛₁ < 𝑘.

The two sums can be combined into the single sum

𝑛

∑(2 − 𝑗)𝑛_𝑗 = 2

𝑗=1

It suffices to show that 𝑛_𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑗 ≥ 𝑘.

2. Let (𝑇, 𝑟) be a rooted tree. Recall that the level of a vertex 𝑥 is 𝐿(𝑥) = 𝐷(𝑟, 𝑥).  Also, the height of a rooted tree 𝐻 is the maximum of the levels of its vertices.
   1. Show that if 𝑟 is on the unique 𝑢, 𝑣-path, then 𝐷(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝐿(𝑢) +

𝐿(𝑣).

1. Show that if 𝐿(𝑢) + 𝐿(𝑣) = 𝐷(𝑢, 𝑣), then 𝑟 must be on the unique 𝑢, 𝑣-path.
2. Show that for any two vertices 𝑢 and 𝑣, 𝐷(𝑢, 𝑣) ≤ 2𝐻.
3. Show that if 𝐷(𝑢, 𝑣) = 2𝐻, then 𝑢 and 𝑣 must be non-parents. Equivalently, you can show that if either 𝑢 or 𝑣 is a parent, then 𝐷(𝑢, 𝑣) < 2𝐻.
4. Suppose (𝑇, 𝑟) is a rooted 𝑞-ary tree where every parent has exactly 𝑞 children; such a tree is said to be saturated.
   1. Show that 𝑇 has 𝑏𝑞 edges for some integer 𝑏.
   2. Find a formula for the number of vertices of 𝑇 in terms of 𝑏, 𝑞.
   3. Find a formula for the number of non-parents in terms of 𝑏, 𝑞.

4. Suppose (𝑇, 𝑟) is a rooted tree with exactly 10¹² Recall that a lower bound or an upper bound on 𝐻 is tight if there exists an example 𝑇 where that bound is attained.
   1. Find tight lower and upper bounds for 𝐻, the height of 𝑇.
   2. Find tight lower and upper bounds for 𝐻 if 𝑇 is a saturated rooted binary tree. Recall that saturated means every parent has the maximum allowed number of children; here, that number is 2.